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This dataset comprises statistics on emissions of electricity per kWh and heat output generated from main autoproducers, autoproducers plants, CHP plants. Data are expressed in TWh and kWh and are presented from 1960 onwards.

This paper takes the case of Southeast Asia to examine the role played by multinational corporations (MNCs) in the transfer of knowledge and formation of human capital in FDI host nations. It explores the changing nature of FDI within the region and the diversity of environments in which FDI operates. The author finds that there is evidence to support the idea that MNCs not only locate to regions where there is already a stock of skills, but that they enhance these skills and cause a “spillover effect” outside their own operations, depending on the domestic policy environment. The paper concludes that the state must form a partnership with MNCs and co-ordinate interaction between economic actors in order to maximise human capital formation in the economy as a whole ...

Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia have been touted as models for other developing countries of how liberalisation can bring faster growth and greater equity. In fact their performance has been mixed and often inferior to other Asian economies, notably in structural change, tax reform, industrialisation, education and democratisation. Liberalisation and globalisation in finance, trade and investment has harmed redistribution and growth, as well as a country’s ability to “catch up,” except where governments have successfully intervened. The Washington Consensus and its argument that there is no alternative must be rejected. A solution must be founded on greater government competence, transparency and accountability, along with technology and a revival of regional and international solidarity and co-operation ...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the current debate and recent literature on several aspects of international core labor standards. We attempt to address two basic issues. One strand of the literature examines the role that international trade plays in mediating international differences in wages, levels of development, labor law and cultural practices. In this context, we examine the theory and evidence concerning the impact of differing labor standards for international trade and whether such trade has implications for the income distribution in OECD countries. We also consider the impact of heterogeneous cross-country labor standards and practices for legal institutions relating to labor standards and industrial relations. In particular, we are interested in whether cross-country differences in labor standards must inevitably give rise to a race to the bottom in labor protections and what any consequent decline in standards might imply for broader ...

While patent data are now readily available for most nations, these data are still of minimal use for economic analysis due to their mode of presentation. Patents are recorded for administrative purposes using the International Patent Classification (IPC) system, which categorises inventions by product or process. Instead, most economic researchers and analysts are interested in the particular sectors of the economy responsible for the invention or its subsequent use. The OECD Technology Concordance (OTC) presented here, like its predecessor the Yale Technology Concordance, is a tool that bridges definitions, allowing researchers to transform IPC-based patent data into patent counts by sector of the economy. This paper presents the methodology, some sample output and empirical tests of the method. It should be noted that the methodological work on the distribution of patent data by industry at the OECD is an early stage and further improvement of the OTC is expected in the ...

Governments intervene in non-renewable natural resources sectors more than in many others, including through the use of export taxes and quotas. Industrial raw materials sectors are characterized by a number of specificities: production is often geographically concentrated, firms are often large with substantial market power, production processes are highly capital intensive, products are relatively homogeneous and potentially substantial differences in costs of production are prevalent. This paper aims to increase understanding of the economic effects of export restrictions, in particular as they apply to the mining sector. It ascertains the prevalence of export restrictions on metals and minerals, proposes a Cournot-Nash model of export restrictions, suggests some of the economic effects due to the presence of export restrictions, and draws some implications for trade policy among producing and consuming countries of non-renewable natural resources.

The interest in marketing margins and price transmission has recently gained remarkable momentum and the amount of studies on this subject is rapidly growing. There is a myriad of questions about prices and margins investigated by these studies, yet new questions are surfacing as markets and business practices change with an impressive speed. Wohlgenant (2001), in his survey on marketing margins, identifies some of the questions puzzling researchers and policy makers alike. For example: Are marketing margins too large? Why are margins different among products? How have...

The rapid pace of technological change, coupled with a pressing need for solutions to address grand societal challenges and global crises, heightens the challenge for policy makers to develop science, technology and innovation policies at speed, in situations of high uncertainty and, in some cases, around potentially controversial technology fields. Technology assessment (TA) has a long history of providing decision-makers with timely strategic intelligence on emerging technologies. Current demands are pushing TA to evolve in order to fulfil diverse functions: to illuminate the societal, economic, environmental and other consequences of new technologies; to inform public opinion; and to guide research and development. Drawing on nine case studies, this report analyses the response of TA practices to these changing drivers and demands to support policies for new and emerging technologies. It also identifies a set of principles to guide good contemporary TA practice.

Advanced materials hold significant potential to create better products and production processes. Yet realising their promise remains challenging: historically it has taken 15 to 20 years from discovery to deployment of new materials in products. Consequently, governments have been creating shared digital and physical infrastructures – “collaborative platforms” – to pool and manage global data, drive the development of nascent industries, and create hubs of interdisciplinary research, development and training. Based on evidence from 12 case studies, this report characterises governance mechanisms of collaborative platforms for advanced materials such as terms of funding, access, and IP policy and explores how they can create different kinds of value. Technology convergence, the engagement of society and digitalisation are identified as key trends. The study describes conditions under which collaborative platforms can align and power value chains, foster standards, catalyse innovation ecosystems and build education, skills and social capital.