While efficient ports are vital to the economic development of their surrounding areas, the related ship traffic, the handling of the goods in the ports and the hinterland distribution can cause a number of negative environmental impacts.  

This book examines the environmental impacts of international maritime transport, and looks more in detail at the impacts stemming from near-port shipping activities, the handling of the goods in the ports and from the distribution of the goods to the surrounding regions. It focuses on five ports: Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, the United States; Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Port Metro Vancouver, Canada; and Busan, Korea. 

The book provides examples of the environmental problems related to port activities (such as air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases, water pollution, noise, spread of invasive species, etc.) and highlights a number of different policy instruments that can be used to limit the negative impacts. It is a valuable resource for policy makers and researchers alike. 

List of Acronyms
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction, Background and Concluding Remarks
-1.1. Introduction.
-1.2. Activity levels in ports
-1.3. Environmental issues related to port activity
-1.4. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Description of the Case Study Ports
-2.1. Los Angeles and Long Beach
-2.2. Rotterdam
-2.3. Port Metro Vancouver
-2.4. Busan
Chapter 3. Exhaust Emissions
-3.1. Sulphur oxides
-3.2. Nitrogen oxides
-3.3. Particulate matter
-3.4. Volatile organic compounds
-3.5. Measures taken to address air emissions in ports – in general
Improved fuel quality
-3.6. Measures taken to address air emissions in ports – case study examples
--Angeles and Long Beach
--Rotterdam
--Vancouver
--Busan
Chapter 4. Energy Use and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
-4.1. Measures addressing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – in general
-4.2. Measures addressing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – case study examples
--Los Angeles and Long Beach
--Rotterdam
--Vancouver
--Busan
Chapter 5. Other Environmental Problems Related to the Port Activities
-5.1. Noise
-5.2. Ballast water
-5.3. Sewage, sludge and oil spills
-5.4. Garbage
-5.5. Dust
-5.6. Hazardous cargo
-5.7. Antifouling
-5.8. Dredging
Chapter 6. Land Use, Hinterland Distribution and Feeder Traffic .
-6.1. Land use
-6.2. Hinterland distribution and feeder traffic
Chapter 7. Other Port-related Environmental Issues
-7.1. Environmental management and environment permits
-7.2. Port-induced incentives to clean shipping
-7.3. Use of port-state authority
-7.4. Unilateral environmental demands on voluntary port calls
References