This publication examines the innovation system in pharmaceutical biotechnology in eight OECD countries - Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway and Spain. The report summarises the results of in-depth studies, providing a comparative analysis of participating countries' performance in science and innovation in biopharmaceuticals. It highlights specific characteristics of the national biopharmaceutical innovation systems in terms of their international openness and the specific role of demand-side factors in the innovation process. Major systemic failures affecting the functioning of the biopharmaceutical innovation systems are identified. Based on rich evidence, the report draws policy recommendations to foster innovation in biopharmaceuticals advocating an integrated policy approach.

Executive Summary
1. Introduction by Christien Enzing and Thomas Reiss
2. Summaries of Country Studies
-Belgium by Eric Cantarella
-Finland by Malin Barnnback
-France by Alain Rochepeau
-Germany by Thomas Reiss and Sybille Hinze
-Japan by Kazuyuki Motohashi
-Netherlands by Christen Enzing, Sander Kern and Annelieke van der Giessen
-Norway by Eva Dobos, Terje Gronning, Mark Knell, dorothy Sutherland Olsen and Bjorg Kristin Veistein
-Spain by Emma Gutierrez Mesa
3. Comparison of the Performance of the National Pharmaceutical Innovation Systems by Thomas Reiss
4. Openness of the Biopharmaceutical Innovation System by Mark Knell
5. Comparison of Selected Demand Side Factors by Terje Gronning
6. Structure, Dynamics, and Performance in National Pharmceutical Innovation Systems by Christien Enzing and Sander Kern
7. Systemic Imperfections in Biopharmaceutical Innovation Systems by Christien Enzing and Sander Kern
8. Policy Implications by Christen Enzing