Within the next decade, the Republic of Korea aims to be one of the most advanced industrialised countries. Science and technology is central to this aspiration. This publication surveys Korean S&T efforts and government actions, and discusses the major issues which the country will have to address as it shifts from imported technology-based growth to indigenous innovation-based growth. These include developing the science base, stimulating small and medium-sized industries, and better co-ordinating overall S&T policy in government structures.