Modern aquatic biotechnology is a rapidly developing field. It is expected to greatly benefit commercial aquatic food production and may also help preserve endangered aquatic species. However, its potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems are far from fully understood. This publication presents scientific papers and includes two expert group reports on modern aquatic biotechnology and its potential environmental impacts. Everyone involved in policy-making aimed at the sustainable management of aquatic resources and preserving natural biological diversity will be interested in this publication.