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Countries’ national approaches to climate change adaptation are increasingly moving from a project focus towards more integrated strategies that promote co-ordination across sectors and levels of government. The monitoring and evaluation frameworks assessing the effectiveness of the national approach on adaptation must be adjusted accordingly. With an integrated approach to adaptation, a country’s resilience to climate change reflects the change brought about by individual adaptation interventions, as well as that caused by socio-economic trends and policies implemented for reasons other than climate change.

This chapter examines two important enabling factors for national monitoring and evaluation of adaptation: i) data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity; and ii) good co-ordination between the providers and the users of climate information. It also explores how providers of development co-operation can support partner countries in putting in place these enabling factors.

Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) covers both mitigation and adaptation. A complementary National Performance and Benefits Measurement Framework (NPBMF) has been proposed. The objective of the framework is to track both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two. It is informed by a methodology developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) called Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD). The framework combines top-down indicators that assess institutional (adaptive) capacity and bottom-up indicators that measure vulnerability. The proposed indicators are linked to national level indicators already being measured on a regular basis.

The Philippines has developed a National Climate Change Action Plan outlining the country’s agenda for adaptation and mitigation for period 2011-2028. The Action Plan identifies seven priority areas: i) food security, ii) water sufficiency, iii) ecological and environmental stability, iv) human security, v) climate-smart industries and services, vi) sustainable energy, and vii) knowledge and capacity development. For each priority area, a results chain has been developed that outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators. Although the Action Plan includes long-term objectives, it is specified these are not fixed and can be adjusted if the circumstances change.

As the international community prepares to negotiate a new climate deal in Paris in December 2015, the consequences of growing concentrations of greenhouse gases are becoming increasingly apparent. The Earth’s surface temperature has been successively warmer over the last three decades than any decade since 1850. This is contributing to changes in precipitation patterns as well as sea level rise and increases in the frequency and intensity of temperature extremes.

The German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted in 2008. The objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate change and to enhance their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate. The Strategy includes a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields that are expected to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The assessment is complemented by corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Länder and relevant social groups. The complementary Action Plan published in 2011 outlines how the objectives of the Strategy can be achieved. Both the Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated approach to adaptation.

The UK Climate Change Act was introduced in 2008. A legally-binding framework on climate change adaption and mitigation, the Act included a call for the implementation of a National Adaptation Programme (NAP) addressing prioritised climate change risks to England. Further, the Act placed a statutory duty on the Adaptation Sub-Committee, of the Committee on Climate Change, to prepare an independent assessment of progress made in implementing the NAP.

The French National Adaptation Strategy, adopted in 2006, marked the beginning of the government’s focus on adaptation. The Strategy identifies four overarching goals to be considered in national planning processes: i) to protect people and property from the effects of climate change by enhancing safety and public health; ii) to take social considerations into account and to avoid inequality in the exposure to climate risks; iii) to limit the costs linked to the effects of climate change and to exploit possible opportunities; and iv) to preserve French natural heritage.

This chapter examines the objectives and challenges of national monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation. It briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice. The chapter also considers notions of climate risk, vulnerability and resilience, as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation.

This chapter identifies four tools or sources of information that countries may consider when monitoring and evaluating adaptation: i) climate change risk and vulnerability assessments, ii) indicators to monitor prioritised adaptation needs; iii) lessons learned from adaptation initiatives, and iv) national audits and climate expenditure reviews. For each tool, the potential role of development co-operation providers in supporting partner countries is discussed.

Australia has proposed a National Adaptation Assessment Framework to assess progress in adapting to the impacts of climate change. The Framework is structured around three sets of questions intended to help shape the response measures needed by business, government and communities: